摘要：本文将通过实践案例带大家掌握CutMix&Mixup。
本文分享自华为云社区《CutMix&Mixup详解与代码实战》，作者：李长安。
引言
最近在回顾之前学到的知识，看到了数据增强部分，对于CutMix以及Mixup这两种数据增强方式发现理解不是很到位，所以这里写了一个项目再去好好看这两种数据增强方式。最开始在目标检测中，未对数据的标签部分进行思考，对于图像的处理，大家是可以很好理解的，因为非常直观，但是通过阅读相关论文，查看一些相关的资料发现一些新的有趣的东西。接下来为大家讲解一下这两种数据增强方式。下图从左至右分别为原图、mixup、cutout、cutmix。
Mixup离线实现
Mixup相信大家有了很多了解，并且大家也能发现网络上有很多大神的解答，所以我这里就不在进行详细讲解了。
- Mixup核心思想：两张图片采用比例混合，label也需要按照比例混合
- 论文关键点
- 考虑过三个或者三个以上的标签做混合，但是效果几乎和两个一样，而且增加了mixup过程的时间。
- 当前的mixup使用了一个单一的loader获取minibatch，对其随机打乱后，mixup对同一个minibatch内的数据做混合。这样的策略和在整个数据集随机打乱效果是一样的，而且还减少了IO的开销。
- 在同种标签的数据中使用mixup不会造成结果的显著增强
下面的Cell为Mixup的图像效果展示，具体实现请参考下面的在线实现。
%matplotlib inline import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import matplotlib.image as Image import numpy as np im1 = Image.imread("work/data/10img11.jpg") im1 = im1/255. im2 = Image.imread("work/data/14img01.jpg") im2 = im2/255. for i in range(1,10): lam= i*0.1 im_mixup = (im1*lam+im2*(1-lam)) plt.subplot(3,3,i) plt.imshow(im_mixup) plt.show()
CutMix离线实现
简单来说cutmix相当于cutout+mixup的结合，可以应用于各种任务中。
mixup相当于是全图融合，cutout仅仅对图片进行增强，不改变label，而cutmix则是采用了cutout的局部融合思想，并且采用了mixup的混合label策略，看起来比较make sense。
- cutmix和mixup的区别是： 其混合位置是采用hard 0-1掩码，而不是soft操作,相当于新合成的两张图是来自两张图片的hard结合，而不是Mixup的线性组合。但是其label还是和mixup一样是线性组合。
下面的代码为了消除随机性，对cut的位置进行了固定，主要是为了展示效果。代码更改位置如下所示，注释的部分为大家通用的实现。
# bbx1 = np.clip(cx - cut_w // 2, 0, W) # bby1 = np.clip(cy - cut_h // 2, 0, H) # bbx2 = np.clip(cx + cut_w // 2, 0, W) # bby2 = np.clip(cy + cut_h // 2, 0, H) bbx1 = 10 bby1 = 600 bbx2 = 10 bby2 = 600 %matplotlib inline import glob import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [10,10] import cv2 # Path to data data_folder = f"/home/aistudio/work/data/" # Read filenames in the data folder filenames = glob.glob(f"{data_folder}*.jpg") # Read first 10 filenames image_paths = filenames[:4] image_batch = [] image_batch_labels = [] n_images = 4 print(image_paths) for i in range(4): image = cv2.cvtColor(cv2.imread(image_paths[i]), cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) image_batch.append(image) image_batch_labels=np.array([[1,0,0,0],[0,1,0,0],[0,0,1,0],[0,0,0,1]]) def rand_bbox(size, lamb): W = size[0] H = size[1] cut_rat = np.sqrt(1. - lamb) cut_w = np.int(W * cut_rat) cut_h = np.int(H * cut_rat) # uniform cx = np.random.randint(W) cy = np.random.randint(H) # bbx1 = np.clip(cx - cut_w // 2, 0, W) # bby1 = np.clip(cy - cut_h // 2, 0, H) # bbx2 = np.clip(cx + cut_w // 2, 0, W) # bby2 = np.clip(cy + cut_h // 2, 0, H) bbx1 = 10 bby1 = 600 bbx2 = 10 bby2 = 600 return bbx1, bby1, bbx2, bby2 image = cv2.cvtColor(cv2.imread(image_paths[0]), cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) # Crop a random bounding box lamb = 0.3 size = image.shape print('size',size) def generate_cutmix_image(image_batch, image_batch_labels, beta): c=[1,0,3,2] # generate mixed sample lam = np.random.beta(beta, beta) rand_index = np.random.permutation(len(image_batch)) print(f'iamhere{rand_index}') target_a = image_batch_labels target_b = np.array(image_batch_labels)[c] print('img.shape',image_batch[0].shape) bbx1, bby1, bbx2, bby2 = rand_bbox(image_batch[0].shape, lam) print('bbx1',bbx1) print('bby1',bby1) print('bbx2',bbx2) print('bby2',bby2) image_batch_updated = image_batch.copy() image_batch_updated=np.array(image_batch_updated) image_batch=np.array(image_batch) image_batch_updated[:, bbx1:bby1, bbx2:bby2, :] = image_batch[[c], bbx1:bby1, bbx2:bby2, :] # adjust lambda to exactly match pixel ratio lam = 1 - ((bbx2 - bbx1) * (bby2 - bby1) / (image_batch.shape[1] * image_batch.shape[2])) print(f'lam is {lam}') label = target_a * lam + target_b * (1. - lam) return image_batch_updated, label # Generate CutMix image input_image = image_batch[0] image_batch_updated, image_batch_labels_updated = generate_cutmix_image(image_batch, image_batch_labels, 1.0) # Show original images print("Original Images") for i in range(2): for j in range(2): plt.subplot(2,2,2*i+j+1) plt.imshow(image_batch[2*i+j]) plt.show() # Show CutMix images print("CutMix Images") for i in range(2): for j in range(2): plt.subplot(2,2,2*i+j+1) plt.imshow(image_batch_updated[2*i+j]) plt.show() # Print labels print('Original labels:') print(image_batch_labels) print('Updated labels') print(image_batch_labels_updated) ['/home/aistudio/work/data/11img01.jpg', '/home/aistudio/work/data/10img11.jpg', '/home/aistudio/work/data/14img01.jpg', '/home/aistudio/work/data/12img11.jpg'] size (2016, 1512, 3) iamhere[2 1 0 3] img.shape (2016, 1512, 3) bbx1 10 bby1 600 bbx2 10 bby2 600 lam is 1.0 Original Images
CutMix Images
Original labels: [[1 0 0 0] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 0] [0 0 0 1]] Updated labels [[1. 0. 0. 0.] [0. 1. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 1. 0.] [0. 0. 0. 1.]]
Mixup&CutMix在线实现
大家需要注意的是，通常我们在实际的使用中都是使用在线的方式进行数据增强，也就是本小节所讲的方法，所以大家在实际的使用中可以使用下面的代码。mixup实现原理同cutmix相差不多，大家可以根据我下面的的代码更改一下即可。
!cd 'data/data97595' && unzip -q nongzuowu.zip from paddle.io import Dataset import cv2 import paddle import random # 导入所需要的库 from sklearn.utils import shuffle import os import pandas as pd import numpy as np from PIL import Image import paddle import paddle.nn as nn from paddle.io import Dataset import paddle.vision.transforms as T import paddle.nn.functional as F from paddle.metric import Accuracy import warnings warnings.filterwarnings("ignore") # 读取数据 train_images = pd.read_csv('data/data97595/nongzuowu/train.csv') # 划分训练集和校验集 all_size = len(train_images) # print(all_size) train_size = int(all_size * 0.8) train_df = train_images[:train_size] val_df = train_images[train_size:] # CutMix 的切块功能 def rand_bbox(size, lam): if len(size) == 4: W = size[2] H = size[3] elif len(size) == 3: W = size[0] H = size[1] else: raise Exception cut_rat = np.sqrt(1. - lam) cut_w = np.int(W * cut_rat) cut_h = np.int(H * cut_rat) # uniform cx = np.random.randint(W) cy = np.random.randint(H) bbx1 = np.clip(cx - cut_w // 2, 0, W) bby1 = np.clip(cy - cut_h // 2, 0, H) bbx2 = np.clip(cx + cut_w // 2, 0, W) bby2 = np.clip(cy + cut_h // 2, 0, H) return bbx1, bby1, bbx2, bby2 # 定义数据预处理 data_transforms = T.Compose([ T.Resize(size=(256, 256)), T.Transpose(), # HWC -> CHW T.Normalize( mean=[0, 0, 0], # 归一化 std=[255, 255, 255], to_rgb=True) ]) class JSHDataset(Dataset): def __init__(self, df, transforms, train=False): self.df = df self.transfoms = transforms self.train = train def __getitem__(self, idx): row = self.df.iloc[idx] fn = row.image # 读取图片数据 image = cv2.imread(os.path.join('data/data97595/nongzuowu/train', fn)) image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) image = cv2.resize(image, (256, 256), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) # 读取 mask 数据 # masks = cv2.imread(os.path.join(row['mask_path'], fn), cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)/255 # masks = cv2.resize(masks, (1024, 1024), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) # 读取 label label = paddle.zeros([4]) label[row.label] = 1 # ------------------------------ CutMix ------------------------------------------ prob = 20 # 将 prob 设置为 0 即可关闭 CutMix if random.randint(0, 99) < prob and self.train: rand_index = random.randint(0, len(self.df) - 1) rand_row = self.df.iloc[rand_index] rand_fn = rand_row.image rand_image = cv2.imread(os.path.join('data/data97595/nongzuowu/train', rand_fn)) rand_image = cv2.cvtColor(rand_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) rand_image = cv2.resize(rand_image, (256, 256), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) # rand_masks = cv2.imread(os.path.join(rand_row['mask_path'], rand_fn), cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)/255 # rand_masks = cv2.resize(rand_masks, (1024, 1024), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) lam = np.random.beta(1,1) bbx1, bby1, bbx2, bby2 = rand_bbox(image.shape, lam) image[bbx1:bbx2, bby1:bby2, :] = rand_image[bbx1:bbx2, bby1:bby2, :] # masks[bbx1:bbx2, bby1:bby2] = rand_masks[bbx1:bbx2, bby1:bby2] lam = 1 - ((bbx2 - bbx1) * (bby2 - bby1) / (image.shape[1] * image.shape[0])) rand_label = paddle.zeros([4]) rand_label[rand_row.label] = 1 label = label * lam + rand_label * (1. - lam) # --------------------------------- CutMix --------------------------------------- # 应用之前我们定义的各种数据增广 # augmented = self.transforms(image=image, mask=masks) # img, mask = augmented['image'], augmented['mask'] img = image return self.transfoms(img), label def __len__(self): return len(self.df) train_dataset = JSHDataset(train_df, data_transforms, train=True) val_dataset = JSHDataset(val_df, data_transforms) #train_loader train_loader = paddle.io.DataLoader(train_dataset, places=paddle.CPUPlace(), batch_size=8, shuffle=True, num_workers=0) #val_loader val_loader = paddle.io.DataLoader(val_dataset, places=paddle.CPUPlace(), batch_size=8, shuffle=True, num_workers=0) for batch_id, data in enumerate(train_loader()): x_data = data[0] y_data = data[1] print(x_data.dtype) print(y_data) break paddle.float32 Tensor(shape=[8, 4], dtype=float32, place=CUDAPlace(0), stop_gradient=True, [[0. , 0. , 1. , 0. ], [0.54284668, 0.45715332, 0. , 0. ], [0. , 1. , 0. , 0. ], [0. , 0. , 1. , 0. ], [0.32958984, 0. , 0.67041016, 0. ], [0. , 0. , 0. , 1. ], [0. , 0. , 0. , 1. ], [0. , 0. , 0. , 1. ]]) from paddle.vision.models import resnet18 model = resnet18(num_classes=4) # 模型封装 model = paddle.Model(model) # 定义优化器 optim = paddle.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=3e-4, parameters=model.parameters()) # 配置模型 model.prepare( optim, paddle.nn.CrossEntropyLoss(soft_label=True), Accuracy() ) # 模型训练与评估 model.fit(train_loader, val_loader, log_freq=1, epochs=2, verbose=1, ) The loss value printed in the log is the current step, and the metric is the average value of previous steps. Epoch 1/2 step 56/56 [==============================] - loss: 1.2033 - acc: 0.5843 - 96ms/step Eval begin... step 14/14 [==============================] - loss: 1.6905 - acc: 0.5625 - 73ms/step Eval samples: 112 Epoch 2/2 step 56/56 [==============================] - loss: 0.5297 - acc: 0.7708 - 82ms/step Eval begin... step 14/14 [==============================] - loss: 0.5764 - acc: 0.7857 - 67ms/step Eval samples: 112
总结
在CutMix中，用另一幅图像的一部分以及第二幅图像的ground truth标记替换该切块。在图像生成过程中设置每个图像的比例(例如0.4/0.6)。在下面的图片中，你可以看到CutMix的作者是如何演示这种技术比简单的MixUp和Cutout效果更好。
ps：神经网络热力图生成可以参考我另一个项目。
这两种数据增强方式能够很好地代表了目前数据增强的一些方法，比如cutout、mosaic等方法，掌握了这两种方法，大家也就理解了另外的cutout以及mosaic增强方法。
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文章来源: 博客园
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