机器学习框架ML.NET学习笔记【9】自动学习

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作者:Enjoy programming!

一、概述

本篇我们首先通过回归算法实现一个葡萄酒品质预测的程序，然后通过AutoML的方法再重新实现，通过对比两种实现方式来学习AutoML的应用。

首先数据集来自于竞赛网站kaggle.com的UCI Wine Quality Dataset数据集，访问地址：https://www.kaggle.com/c/uci-wine-quality-dataset/data

该数据集，输入为一些葡萄酒的化学检测数据，比如酒精度等，输出为品酒师的打分，具体字段描述如下：

Data fields
Input variables (based on physicochemical tests): 
1 - fixed acidity 
2 - volatile acidity 
3 - citric acid 
4 - residual sugar 
5 - chlorides 
6 - free sulfur dioxide 
7 - total sulfur dioxide 
8 - density 
9 - pH 
10 - sulphates 
11 - alcohol

Output variable (based on sensory data): 
12 - quality (score between 0 and 10)

Other:
13 - id (unique ID for each sample, needed for submission)

二、代码

namespace Regression_WineQuality
{
    public class WineData
    {
        [LoadColumn(0)]
        public float FixedAcidity;

        [LoadColumn(1)]
        public float VolatileAcidity;

        [LoadColumn(2)]
        public float CitricACID;

        [LoadColumn(3)]
        public float ResidualSugar;

        [LoadColumn(4)]
        public float Chlorides;

        [LoadColumn(5)]
        public float FreeSulfurDioxide;

        [LoadColumn(6)]
        public float TotalSulfurDioxide;

        [LoadColumn(7)]
        public float Density;

        [LoadColumn(8)]
        public float PH;

        [LoadColumn(9)]
        public float Sulphates;

        [LoadColumn(10)]
        public float Alcohol;
      
        [LoadColumn(11)]
        [ColumnName("Label")]
        public float Quality;
       
        [LoadColumn(12)]
        public float Id;
    }

    public class WinePrediction
    {
        [ColumnName("Score")]
        public float PredictionQuality;
    }

    class Program
    {
        static readonly string ModelFilePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "MLModel", "model.zip");

        static void Main(string[] args)
        { 
            Train();
            Prediction();

            Console.WriteLine("Hit any key to finish the app");
            Console.ReadKey();
        }

        public static void Train()
        {
            MLContext mlContext = new MLContext(seed: 1);

            // 准备数据
            string TrainDataPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Data", "winequality-data-full.csv");
            var fulldata = mlContext.Data.LoadFromTextFile<WineData>(path: TrainDataPath, separatorChar: ',', hasHeader: true);

            var trainTestData = mlContext.Data.TrainTestSplit(fulldata, testFraction: 0.2);
            var trainData = trainTestData.TrainSet;
            var testData = trainTestData.TestSet;

            // 创建学习管道并通过训练数据调整模型  
            var dataProcessPipeline = mlContext.Transforms.DropColumns("Id")
                .Append(mlContext.Transforms.NormalizeMeanVariance(nameof(WineData.FreeSulfurDioxide)))
                .Append(mlContext.Transforms.NormalizeMeanVariance(nameof(WineData.TotalSulfurDioxide)))
                .Append(mlContext.Transforms.Concatenate("Features", new string[] { nameof(WineData.FixedAcidity),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.VolatileAcidity),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.CitricACID),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.ResidualSugar),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.Chlorides),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.FreeSulfurDioxide),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.TotalSulfurDioxide),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.Density),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.PH),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.Sulphates),
                                                                                    nameof(WineData.Alcohol)}));

            var trainer = mlContext.Regression.Trainers.LbfgsPoissonRegression(labelColumnName: "Label", featureColumnName: "Features");
            var trainingPipeline = dataProcessPipeline.Append(trainer);
            var trainedModel = trainingPipeline.Fit(trainData);

            // 评估
            var predictions = trainedModel.Transform(testData);
            var metrics = mlContext.Regression.Evaluate(predictions, labelColumnName: "Label", scoreColumnName: "Score");
            PrintRegressionMetrics(trainer.ToString(), metrics);

            // 保存模型
            Console.WriteLine("====== Save model to local file =========");
            mlContext.Model.Save(trainedModel, trainData.Schema, ModelFilePath);
        }

        static void Prediction()
        {
            MLContext mlContext = new MLContext(seed: 1);

            ITransformer loadedModel = mlContext.Model.Load(ModelFilePath, out var modelInputSchema);
            var predictor = mlContext.Model.CreatePredictionEngine<WineData, WinePrediction>(loadedModel);

            WineData wineData = new WineData
            {
                FixedAcidity = 7.6f,
                VolatileAcidity = 0.33f,
                CitricACID = 0.36f,
                ResidualSugar = 2.1f,
                Chlorides = 0.034f,
                FreeSulfurDioxide = 26f,
                TotalSulfurDioxide = 172f,
                Density = 0.9944f,
                PH = 3.42f,
                Sulphates = 0.48f,
                Alcohol = 10.5f
            };

            var wineQuality = predictor.Predict(wineData);
            Console.WriteLine($"Wine Data  Quality is:{wineQuality.PredictionQuality} ");           
        }        
    }
}

View Code

关于泊松回归的算法，我们在进行人脸颜值判断的那篇文章已经介绍过了，这个程序没有涉及任何新的知识点，就不重复解释了，主要目的是和下面的AutoML代码对比用的。

三、自动学习

我们发现机器学习的大致流程基本都差不多，如：准备数据-明确特征-选择算法-训练等，有时我们存在这样一个问题：该选择什么算法？算法的参数该如何配置？等等。而自动学习就解决了这个问题，框架会多次重复数据选择、算法选择、参数调优、评估结果这一过程，通过这个过程找出评估效果最好的模型。

全部代码如下：

namespace Regression_WineQuality
{
    public class WineData
    {
        [LoadColumn(0)]
        public float FixedAcidity;

        [LoadColumn(1)]
        public float VolatileAcidity;

        [LoadColumn(2)]
        public float CitricACID;

        [LoadColumn(3)]
        public float ResidualSugar;

        [LoadColumn(4)]
        public float Chlorides;

        [LoadColumn(5)]
        public float FreeSulfurDioxide;

        [LoadColumn(6)]
        public float TotalSulfurDioxide;

        [LoadColumn(7)]
        public float Density;

        [LoadColumn(8)]
        public float PH;

        [LoadColumn(9)]
        public float Sulphates;

        [LoadColumn(10)]
        public float Alcohol;
      
        [LoadColumn(11)]
        [ColumnName("Label")]
        public float Quality;

        [LoadColumn(12)]       
        public float ID; 
    }

    public class WinePrediction
    {
        [ColumnName("Score")]
        public float PredictionQuality;
    }
 

    class Program
    {
        static readonly string ModelFilePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "MLModel", "model.zip");
        static readonly string TrainDataPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Data", "winequality-data-train.csv");
        static readonly string TestDataPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Data", "winequality-data-test.csv");

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {           
            TrainAndSave();
            LoadAndPrediction();

            Console.WriteLine("Hit any key to finish the app");
            Console.ReadKey();
        }

        public static void TrainAndSave()
        {
            MLContext mlContext = new MLContext(seed: 1);

            // 准备数据 
            var trainData = mlContext.Data.LoadFromTextFile<WineData>(path: TrainDataPath, separatorChar: ',', hasHeader: true);
            var testData = mlContext.Data.LoadFromTextFile<WineData>(path: TestDataPath, separatorChar: ',', hasHeader: true);
         
            var progressHandler = new RegressionExperimentProgressHandler();
            uint ExperimentTime = 200;

            ExperimentResult<RegressionMetrics> experimentResult = mlContext.Auto()
               .CreateRegressionExperiment(ExperimentTime)
               .Execute(trainData, "Label", progressHandler: progressHandler);           

            Debugger.PrintTopModels(experimentResult);

            RunDetail<RegressionMetrics> best = experimentResult.BestRun;
            ITransformer trainedModel = best.Model;

            // 评估 BestRun
            var predictions = trainedModel.Transform(testData);
            var metrics = mlContext.Regression.Evaluate(predictions, labelColumnName: "Label", scoreColumnName: "Score");
            Debugger.PrintRegressionMetrics(best.TrainerName, metrics);

            // 保存模型
            Console.WriteLine("====== Save model to local file =========");
            mlContext.Model.Save(trainedModel, trainData.Schema, ModelFilePath);           
        }
       

        static void LoadAndPrediction()
        {
            MLContext mlContext = new MLContext(seed: 1);

            ITransformer loadedModel = mlContext.Model.Load(ModelFilePath, out var modelInputSchema);
            var predictor = mlContext.Model.CreatePredictionEngine<WineData, WinePrediction>(loadedModel);

            WineData wineData = new WineData
            {
                FixedAcidity = 7.6f,
                VolatileAcidity = 0.33f,
                CitricACID = 0.36f,
                ResidualSugar = 2.1f,
                Chlorides = 0.034f,
                FreeSulfurDioxide = 26f,
                TotalSulfurDioxide = 172f,
                Density = 0.9944f,
                PH = 3.42f,
                Sulphates = 0.48f,
                Alcohol = 10.5f
            };

            var wineQuality = predictor.Predict(wineData);
            Console.WriteLine($"Wine Data  Quality is:{wineQuality.PredictionQuality} ");           
        }
    }
}

View Code

四、代码分析

1、自动学习过程

            var progressHandler = new RegressionExperimentProgressHandler();
            uint ExperimentTime = 200;

            ExperimentResult<RegressionMetrics> experimentResult = mlContext.Auto()
               .CreateRegressionExperiment(ExperimentTime)
               .Execute(trainData, "Label", progressHandler: progressHandler);           

            Debugger.PrintTopModels(experimentResult); //打印所有模型数据

ExperimentTime 是允许的试验时间，progressHandler是一个报告程序，当每完成一种学习，系统就会调用一次报告事件。

    public class RegressionExperimentProgressHandler : IProgress<RunDetail<RegressionMetrics>>
    {
        private int _iterationIndex;

        public void Report(RunDetail<RegressionMetrics> iterationResult)
        {
            _iterationIndex++;
            Console.WriteLine($"Report index:{_iterationIndex},TrainerName:{iterationResult.TrainerName},RuntimeInSeconds:{iterationResult.RuntimeInSeconds}");            
        }
    }

调试结果如下：

Report index:1,TrainerName:SdcaRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:12.5244426
Report index:2,TrainerName:LightGbmRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:11.2034988
Report index:3,TrainerName:FastTreeRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:14.810409
Report index:4,TrainerName:FastTreeTweedieRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:14.7338553
Report index:5,TrainerName:FastForestRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:15.6224459
Report index:6,TrainerName:LbfgsPoissonRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:11.1668197
Report index:7,TrainerName:OnlineGradientDescentRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:10.5353
Report index:8,TrainerName:OlsRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:10.8905459
Report index:9,TrainerName:LightGbmRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:10.5703296
Report index:10,TrainerName:FastTreeRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:19.4470509
Report index:11,TrainerName:FastTreeTweedieRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:63.638882
Report index:12,TrainerName:LightGbmRegression,RuntimeInSeconds:10.7710518

学习结束后我们通过Debugger.PrintTopModels打印出所有模型数据：

   public class Debugger
    {
        private const int Width = 114;
        public  static void PrintTopModels(ExperimentResult<RegressionMetrics> experimentResult)
        {            
            var topRuns = experimentResult.RunDetails
                .Where(r => r.ValidationMetrics != null && !double.IsNaN(r.ValidationMetrics.RSquared))
                .OrderByDescending(r => r.ValidationMetrics.RSquared);

            Console.WriteLine("Top models ranked by R-Squared --");
            PrintRegressionMetricsHeader();
            for (var i = 0; i < topRuns.Count(); i++)
            {
                var run = topRuns.ElementAt(i);
                PrintIterationMetrics(i + 1, run.TrainerName, run.ValidationMetrics, run.RuntimeInSeconds);
            }
        }       

        public static void PrintRegressionMetricsHeader()
        {
            CreateRow($"{"",-4} {"Trainer",-35} {"RSquared",8} {"Absolute-loss",13} {"Squared-loss",12} {"RMS-loss",8} {"Duration",9}", Width);
        }

        public static void PrintIterationMetrics(int iteration, string trainerName, RegressionMetrics metrics, double? runtimeInSeconds)
        {
            CreateRow($"{iteration,-4} {trainerName,-35} {metrics?.RSquared ?? double.NaN,8:F4} {metrics?.MeanAbsoluteError ?? double.NaN,13:F2} {metrics?.MeanSquaredError ?? double.NaN,12:F2} {metrics?.RootMeanSquaredError ?? double.NaN,8:F2} {runtimeInSeconds.Value,9:F1}", Width);
        }

        public static void CreateRow(string message, int width)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("|" + message.PadRight(width - 2) + "|");
        }
}

其中CreateRow代码功能用于排版。调试结果如下：

Top models ranked by R-Squared --
|     Trainer                             RSquared Absolute-loss Squared-loss RMS-loss  Duration                 |
|1    FastTreeTweedieRegression             0.4731          0.46         0.41     0.64      63.6                 |
|2    FastTreeTweedieRegression             0.4431          0.49         0.43     0.65      14.7                 |
|3    FastTreeRegression                    0.4386          0.54         0.49     0.70      19.4                 |
|4    LightGbmRegression                    0.4177          0.52         0.45     0.67      10.8                 |
|5    FastTreeRegression                    0.4102          0.51         0.45     0.67      14.8                 |
|6    LightGbmRegression                    0.3944          0.52         0.46     0.68      11.2                 |
|7    LightGbmRegression                    0.3501          0.60         0.57     0.75      10.6                 |
|8    FastForestRegression                  0.3381          0.60         0.58     0.76      15.6                 |
|9    OlsRegression                         0.2829          0.56         0.53     0.73      10.9                 |
|10   LbfgsPoissonRegression                0.2760          0.62         0.63     0.80      11.2                 |
|11   SdcaRegression                        0.2746          0.58         0.56     0.75      12.5                 |
|12   OnlineGradientDescentRegression       0.0593          0.69         0.81     0.90      10.5                 |

根据结果可以看到，一些算法被重复试验，但在使用同一个算法时其配置参数并不一样，如阙值、深度等。

2、获取最优模型

            RunDetail<RegressionMetrics> best = experimentResult.BestRun;
            ITransformer trainedModel = best.Model;

获取最佳模型后，其评估和保存的过程和之前代码一致。用测试数据评估结果：

*************************************************
*       Metrics for FastTreeTweedieRegression regression model
*------------------------------------------------
*       LossFn:        0.67
*       R2 Score:      0.34
*       Absolute loss: .63
*       Squared loss:  .67
*       RMS loss:      .82
*************************************************

看结果识别率约70%左右，这种结果是没有办法用于生产的，问题应该是我们没有找到决定葡萄酒品质的关键特征。

五、小结

到这篇文章为止，《ML.NET学习笔记系列》就结束了。学习过程中涉及的原始代码主要来源于：https://github.com/dotnet/machinelearning-samples 。

该工程中还有一些其他算法应用的例子，包括：聚类、矩阵分解、异常检测，其大体流程基本都差不多，有了我们这个系列的学习基础有兴趣的朋友可以自己研究一下。

六、资源获取

源码下载地址：https://github.com/seabluescn/Study_ML.NET

回归工程名称：Regression_WineQuality

AutoML工程名称：Regression_WineQuality_AutoML

点击查看机器学习框架ML.NET学习笔记系列文章目录

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机器学习框架ML.NET学习笔记【9】自动学习

机器学习框架ML.NET学习笔记【9】自动学习

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