Golang: Cobra命令行参数库的使用

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作者:楼里打扫

将cobra下载到 $GOPATH，用命令：

go get -v github.com/spf13/cobra/cobra

然后使用 go install github.com/spf13/cobra/cobra, 安装后在 $GOBIN 下出现了cobra 可执行程序。如果你没有配置 $GOBIN，那么可以在$GOPATH/bin 下找到 cobra的可执行软件。

cobra程序只能在GOPATH之下使用，所以首先你需要进入到GOPATH的src目录之下，在该目录下，输入:

cobra init demo

在你的当前目录下，应该已经生成了一个demo文件夹:

demo
├── cmd
│   └── root.go
├── LICENSE
└── main.go

上述便是该文件夹的结构，我们可以进去该文件夹，运行:

go run main.go

应该会打印如下结果:

A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examples and usage of using your application. For example:

Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.

至此，我们的cobra项目便已经生成完毕。

如果你并不想运行cobra的可执行命令生成示例代码，只想在项目使用其库代码，则上面的内容可以忽略。

附 demo 文件夹的内容：

cmd/root.go:

// Copyright © 2018 NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package cmd

import (
    "fmt"
    "os"

    homedir "github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir"
    "github.com/spf13/cobra"
    "github.com/spf13/viper"
)

var cfgFile string

// rootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommands
var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
    Use:   "demo",
    Short: "A brief description of your application",
    Long: `A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains
examples and usage of using your application. For example:

Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.`,
    // Uncomment the following line if your bare application
    // has an action associated with it:
    //    Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { },
}

// Execute adds all child commands to the root command and sets flags appropriately.
// This is called by main.main(). It only needs to happen once to the rootCmd.
func Execute() {
    if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        os.Exit(1)
    }
}

func init() {
    cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig)

    // Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.
    // Cobra supports persistent flags, which, if defined here,
    // will be global for your application.
    rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is $HOME/.demo.yaml)")

    // Cobra also supports local flags, which will only run
    // when this action is called directly.
    rootCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
}

// initConfig reads in config file and ENV variables if set.
func initConfig() {
    if cfgFile != "" {
        // Use config file from the flag.
        viper.SetConfigFile(cfgFile)
    } else {
        // Find home directory.
        home, err := homedir.Dir()
        if err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
            os.Exit(1)
        }

        // Search config in home directory with name ".demo" (without extension).
        viper.AddConfigPath(home)
        viper.SetConfigName(".demo")
    }

    viper.AutomaticEnv() // read in environment variables that match

    // If a config file is found, read it in.
    if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err == nil {
        fmt.Println("Using config file:", viper.ConfigFileUsed())
    }
}

main.go:

// Copyright © 2018 NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package main

import "demo/cmd"

func main() {
        cmd.Execute()
}

添加子命令

实际操作其实cobra都能帮你完成，假设我们现在需要添加一个test参数，在项目文件夹下命令行输入:

cobra add test

执行完成后，现在我们的demo结构应该是:

.
├── cmd
│   ├── root.go
│   └── test.go
├── LICENSE
└── main.go

可以看到，在cmd目录下，已经生成了一个与我们命令同名的go文件，你也许已经猜测到，与该命令有关的操作也正是在此处实现。现在执行这个子命令:

go run main.go test

命令行将会打印输出test called
那么现在又有一个问题，如果我们想添加子命令下的子命令呢？
现在让我们打开test.go,你应该看到如下的文件内容:

// Copyright © 2017 NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package cmd

import (
    "fmt"

    "github.com/spf13/cobra"
)

// testCmd represents the test command
var testCmd = &cobra.Command{
    Use:   "test",
    Short: "A brief description of your command",
    Long: `A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examples
and usage of using your command. For example:

Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.`,
    Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
        fmt.Println("test called")
    },
}

func init() {
    rootCmd.AddCommand(testCmd)

    // Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.

    // Cobra supports Persistent Flags which will work for this command
    // and all subcommands, e.g.:
    // testCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")

    // Cobra supports local flags which will only run when this command
    // is called directly, e.g.:
    // testCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
}

你会发现，在init中有一句 rootCmd.AddCommand(testCmd) 这个rootCmd是什么？打开root.go，你会发现rootCmd其实就是我们的根命令。我相信机智的同学已经猜出来我们添加子命令的子命令的方法了。现在让我们在cmd目录下新建testson.go文件，项目文件结构为：

.
├── cmd
│   ├── root.go
│   └── test.go
│   └── testson.go
├── LICENSE
└── main.go

把test.go的内容复制进去，并testson.go文件修改为如下内容:

cmd/testson.go:

// Copyright © 2017 NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package cmd

import (
    "fmt"

    "github.com/spf13/cobra"
)

// testCmd represents the test command
var testsonCmd = &cobra.Command{
    Use:   "testson",
    Short: "A brief description of your command",
    Long: `A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examples
and usage of using your command. For example:

Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.`,
    Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
        fmt.Println("testson called")
    },
}

func init() {
    testCmd.AddCommand(testsonCmd)

    // Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.

    // Cobra supports Persistent Flags which will work for this command
    // and all subcommands, e.g.:
    // testCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")

    // Cobra supports local flags which will only run when this command
    // is called directly, e.g.:
    // testCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
}

现在在命令行运行:

go run main.go test testson

当你看到testson called,恭喜你，子命令添加成功！否则你应当检查你的代码是否有误。

添加参数

我相信从init函数中的注释中，你已经得到了足够多的信息来自己操作添加flag，但我还是想要啰嗦两句。首先是persistent参数，当你的参数作为persistent flag存在时，如注释所言，在其所有的子命令之下该参数都是可见的。而local flag则只能在该命令调用时执行。可以做一个简单的测试，在test.go的init函数中，添加如下内容:

testCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")
testCmd.Flags().String("foolocal", "", "A help for foo")

现在在命令行 go run main.go test -h 得到如下结果:

$ go run main.go test -h
A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examples
and usage of using your command. For example:

Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.

Usage:
  demo test [flags]
  demo test [command]

Available Commands:
  testson     A brief description of your command

Flags:
      --foo string        A help for foo
      --foolocal string   A help for foo
  -h, --help              help for test

Global Flags:
      --config string   config file (default is $HOME/.demo.yaml)

Use "demo test [command] --help" for more information about a command.

接着让我们再运行 go run main.go test testson -h

$ go run main.go test testson -h
A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examples
and usage of using your command. For example:

Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.

Usage:
  demo test testson [flags]

Flags:
  -h, --help   help for testson

Global Flags:
      --config string   config file (default is $HOME/.demo.yaml)
      --foo string      A help for foo

可以发现在Gloabal Flags的变化。test作为root的子命令，仍然可以使用root的persistent flag-> config（可以查看root.go），而testson作为test的子命令，不仅可以使用test的persistent flag-> fool, 也可以使用test父命令的persistent flag。从而我们可以直观的看出persistent的作用范围是该命令之后的所有子命令。接下来你可能会问，那flag支持什么类型参数？答案是，请查看官方文档
请注意，cmd.Flags().String()与 cmd.Flags().StringP()是不一样的。假如我们在test.go的init下增加如下两行:

testCmd.Flags().String("f", "", "test")
testCmd.Flags().StringP("aaa", "a", "", "test")

前者调用需要如下形式:

go run main.go test --f

后者有如下两种形式调用:

go run main.go test --aaa
go run main.go test -a

另外可以额外告知你如何使用slice作为参数，如[]string:

testCmd.Flags().StringSliceP("arr","r", nil, "test arr")

调用该参数的方法为:

go run main.go test -r "a,b,c"

请不要键入多余空格（除非确实需要键入），也不要使用空格替代逗号作为分割符。

获取参数值

在知道了如何设置参数后，我们的下一步当然便是需要在运行时获取该参数的值。现在让我们把注意力放到test.go的此部分：

var testCmd = &cobra.Command{
    Use:   "test",
    Short: "A brief description of your command",
    Long: `A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examples
and usage of using your command. For example:

Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.`,
    Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
        fmt.Println("test called")
    },
}

让我们把注意力重新放到上面的代码上。我们也很容易可以猜测到Use,Short,Long三个参数的作用，这里便不做阐述（你可以参照添加子命令的子命令的部分的输出）。显而易见，我们应该在Run这里来获取参数并执行我们的命令功能。获取参数其实也并不复杂。以testCmd.Flags().StringP("aaa", "a", "", "test")此为例，我们可以在Run函数里添加：

str := testCmd.Flags().GetString("aaa")

这样便可以获取到该参数的值了，其余类型参数获取也是同理。如 testCmd.Flags().GetStringSlice("arr")，规律并不难见。

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Golang: Cobra命令行参数库的使用